A ______________ Is a Series of Two Edited Shots That Flow in a Continuous and Realistic Fashion.
Function Two: Production
7. What Is Editing?
Dictionary.com defines edit every bit "to prepare (motion-film moving-picture show, video, or magnetic tape) by deleting, arranging, and splicing, by synchronizing the audio tape with the picture, etc."37
One fashion to ascertain editing is to utilise the formula: Shot < Due southcene < Southequence = Editing.
A shot is defined as a short, continuous unmarried run of the film. A scene is equanimous of numerous shots cut, and they are joined together. A scene tin be anything that the director wants it to exist, such as someone inbound a room, having a conversation with a person in the room, and then leaving the room. A sequence is a number of scenes joined together that could be a large percentage of the movie when information technology is finished.
Many terms are used when discussing moving-picture show editing and how it is done. From the novice viewpoint, nosotros are going to innovate yous to the primary areas of film editing so you lot sympathise the full general process of movie editing. In order to exercise this, nosotros will go through the editing procedure, some of the editing techniques and principles, and the cutting transitions that go from one shot to some other to develop the dissimilar scenes and sequences for a movie.
Editing Procedure
The producer hires the editor. Editing is performed in the post-production procedure. Editing is a very labor intensive task in film making with a certain amount of stress with having to meet a deadline. The editor works closely with the director during different phases of the editing process. The editor has to review the angles of all of the different cameras used for a particular shot to edit the best shots together for the scene. This makes an extra task in the editing organizational procedure—besides arranging all the unlike angle shots together.
The motion picture editing process goes through stages, similar to writing a higher term newspaper. Writing a higher term newspaper consists of getting an thought, writing the rough draft, doing a revision, and then creating the terminal version. Wikibooks states that an editor, too, goes through four stages: logging and assembly, the first rough cut, the main edit, and the fine cutting.38 This editing process is only an example of the procedure because every motion picture editor, like anyone, has his or her ain procedure or routine that he or she follows.
The logging and assembly procedure is condign familiar with all of the shots in the movie. The editor watches and listens to all of the fabric. In a notebook, the editor makes a log of his or her reactions to all of the shots and writes down any ideas that pop into his or her head. The editor uses a fourth dimension code to link thoughts to specific shots. For a long project, the starting time edit would exist a simple version consisting of all of the wide shots strung together. This assembly would contain the fewest number of edits required to tell the story. The assembly edit allows the editor to get a sense of the project, as a whole, before specifics are focused on.
With the starting time rough cut, the editor takes 1 scene at a time and works through all of the takes to discover the all-time, most-consistent cloth. The scenes may be cut in any order with the point to let each scene piece of work on its own. When the editor has a good working version of a scene, information technology will be placed into the associates so the cutting gradually builds in complication. The editor continues to keep a record of all choices fabricated. The rough cut keeps the audio synced together with its picture. The editor should begin to mute or delete unneeded audio, merely additional sounds are non added at this point. The first rough cut is completed when each scene has been looked at individually, and information technology is placed into the edit. The editor should take a break to view the cut without stopping, taking notes of changes that he or she would like to try.
The primary edit begins the process of budgeted a fine cut. Scenes will accept private bug, and issues volition go interdependent between scenes. Key audio effects and music may exist introduced at this stage, and the complication volition grow. The editor continues to salvage each version. The phase, when a crude cut becomes a fine cut, is non exact, just is oftentimes when the editor feels each idea has been fully explored. The editor should bring in others to watch the fine cutting.
The fine cut is the procedure of getting down to perfect frame accuracy for every unmarried edit in the movie and making certain that each moment flows as best information technology can. In one case the fine cut is approved, the picture is considered "locked" and no farther changes will occur. The project will move into total audio post-production and the editor'south work is washed.
The editing procedure is like any creative job, such as whatever type of writing. In writing, the stages of the artistic process are to write, re-write, re-write, and re-write. The editing process is view, re-view, re-view, review, and view over again. When the shots are edited into scenes, certain terminology is used that refers to what the editor is looking for in the final product, forth with terminology that is used when describing the type of edit that was used.
Editing Techniques & Principles
The editor begins with all the picture show footage. Footage is the raw, unedited material as information technology was originally filmed by the flick camera or recorded by a video photographic camera, which usually must exist edited to create a move picture, video clip, telly show, or similar completed piece of work.39
Continuity editing is a system of cut to maintain a continuous and clear narrative activity. Continuity editing relies upon matching screen direction, position, and temporal relations from shot to shot. The film supports the viewer's assumption that space and time are contiguous between successive shots.40 Logical coherence is achieved through continuity editing.
One technique that is used is a B-Roll. A B-Roll is supplemental or alternative footage intercut with the main shot.41
A basic principle in editing is the 180-degree rule. The 180-degree rule42 is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character and some other graphic symbol or object within a scene. An imaginary line, called the axis, connects the characters, and past keeping the photographic camera on 1 side of this axis for every shot in the scene, the first character is ever frame correct of the second graphic symbol, who is then e'er frame left of the offset. The camera passing over the centrality is chosen jumping the line or crossing the line; breaking the 180-degree rule by shooting on all sides is known as shooting in the circular.
The final main area of editing that the director wants to make it at is the appropriate rhythm for the movie. Yale Film Studies elaborates the concept of movie rhythm by defining it every bit the "perceived rate and regularity of sounds, series of shots and movements inside the shots. Rhythmic factors include beat or pulse, accent or stress and tempo or pace. Rhythm is one of the essential features of a film, for it decisively contributes to its mood and overall impression on the viewer. . . . It is accomplished through the combination of mise-en-scene, cinematography, sound and editing. Rhythm can exist understood equally the last balance of all the elements of a moving-picture show.44
Finally, a montage is a technique in picture show editing in which a series of brusk shots are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and information.45
Editing Transitions
A "cut" in editing refers the splicing of two shots together. This cut is made past the picture editor at the editing phase of a film. Between sequences, the cutting marks a rapid transition between one time and space and another time and space, but depending on the nature of the cutting, it will have different meanings.46
Cantankerous-cut is cutting a scene between different sets of action that tin can be occurring simultaneously or at unlike times. Cantankerous-cutting is used to build suspense or to show the relationship betwixt the different sets of activity.47
Fade in48 and fade out49 are reverse effects. Fade in is a shot that begins in total darkness and gradually lightens to full brightness. This is a type of transition is similar to "dissolve," which is mentioned beneath. A sound fade in gradually brings sound from being inaudible to a required volume.
Deliquesce is a transition betwixt 2 shots during which the get-go image gradually disappears while the second epitome gradually appears; for a moment, the ii images blend in superimposition.l
The 3rd blazon of transition is the wipe. A wipe is a type of film transition where one shot replaces some other past travelling from ane side of the frame to the other or with a special shape.51
A leap cut, which is a term that viewers often hear, is a cut in picture editing in which two sequential shots of the same bailiwick are taken from camera positions that vary only slightly. This type of edit gives the upshot of jumping forward in fourth dimension. This is a violation of continuity editing because the continuous time and infinite are lost equally the cut draws attention to the constructed nature of the film.52
Editing Example
An example, and so you tin see how a film is cutting and edited or a scene from a motion-picture show with different cuts shown in it is difficult to find. A YouTube video entitled: How to Cut a Picture show – The Secrets of Editing – Motion-picture show Schoolhouse ' d made past CineFix is good in demonstrating how edits and cuts are done.
Further Viewing
With the completion of this chapter, movies to sentry that that are excellent examples of editing are:
- Sabotage, 1936, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Sylvia Sidney, Oskar Homolka, and Desmond Tester. This movie is an first-class example in editing by creating the archetype suspense scene as to whether a bomb is going to explode at a sure time.
- Bonnie and Clyde, 1967, directed by Arthur Penn, starring Warren Beatty, Faye Dunaway, and Gene Hackman. This movie is an first-class example in editing during the bank robberies and the attempts to capture Bonnie and Clyde.
- The Sting, 1973, directed by George Roy Loma, starring Paul Newman, Robert Redford, and Robert Shaw. This movie is an splendid example in editing equally to what is real and what is not.
- Jaws, 1975, directed by Steven Spielberg, starring Roy Scheider, Robert Shaw, and Richard Dreyfuss. This movie is an splendid example in editing by creating a contemporary suspense thriller.
- Mad Max: Fury Road, 2015, directed by George Miller, starring Tom Hardy, Charlize Theron, and Nicholas Hoult. This moving picture is an first-class example in an-award winning best-edited flick.
Assignment
Jack has decided to do a shady job—transporting a package of artifacts—with his higher friends, Nick and T. J. Jack needs the money to help his shut friend, Alec.
When Nick and T. J. enter the room, Nick asks what Jack is doing. Jack tells him. Nick states that the only safe place for the parcel is on him. Nick states that they can make more than money delivering the packet than turning information technology into the police, plus they would not fare as well well with the police. Jack states that Alec'due south life is in jeopardy and the people of the Latin American country should have the treasure returned. Nick asked if Jack is going to be a problem. Nick goes to shoot Jack but T. J. shoots Nick, killing him. T. J. pulls the emergency cord. As the train is stopping, T. J. gives Jack the packet and states to give it to the cops. T. J. states he is going to try his luck running, and he disappears.
Alec, Jack's friend, is extremely happy when he wakes up and walks into the living room of an expensive suite for breakfast. Suzie is already in the living room and wishes him good morning and asks him about last night. Alec states that final night was the all-time night imaginable, and he wishes that it never had ended. Suzie states that final night could only be the beginning and that she took the liberty of ordering breakfast already. Alec states that he is ready for breakfast. Suzie walks over to him, without talking, and kisses him very passionately. As they are kissing, Suzie stabs him three times, lets him fall and states that he at present can relive last night forever. Suzie looks at his lifeless body and states that she volition beloved him forever.
The in a higher place scenes are the final rise action of the pic leading to the climax. How should these scenes be edited?
37 "Edit," Dictionary.com, http://www.dictionary.com/browse/edit?s=t.
38 "Movie Making Manual."
39 "Footage," Wikipedia, final modified September vii, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footage.
40 "Moving picture Studies Program," New Haven: Yale Academy, last modified September 15, 2016, http://filmstudies.yale.edu.html.
41 "B-roll," Wikipedia, last modified May 4, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-roll.
42 "180-Degree Rule," Wikipedia, last modified July 7, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180-degree_rule.
43 Ibid.
44 "Film Studies Program," New Haven: Yale University, terminal modified September 15, 2016, http://filmstudies.yale.edu.html.
45 "Montage," Wikipedia, terminal modified August 17, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montage.
46 "Cinematic Techniques," Wikipedia, terminal modified July 25, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_techniques.
47 "Cross-Cutting," Wikipedia, last modified May 29, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cut.
48 "Fade In," Wikipedia, terminal modified June 14, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fade_in.
49 "Fade Out," Wikipedia, terminal modified June 14, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fade_out.
50 "Dissolve (filmmaking)," Wikipedia, last modified Baronial 12, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolve_(filmmaking).
51 "Wipe (transition)," Wikipedia, last modified June 6, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipe_(transition).
52 "Jump Cut," Wikipedia, last modified July twenty, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_cut.
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